For example, Ukrainians and Poles are fast-tracked across the border near Medyka, Poland, while everyone else must wait 14 to 50 hours to cross. Yet, as Khalid notes, we do not have a stereotype of white people being inherently violent and prone to domestic terrorism." Branding Muslims as terrorists and using such accusations to reject Muslim asylum seekers are thinly veiled attempts for religious, racial, and ethnic prejudice to masquerade as national security concerns. The death of Alan Kurdi: one year on, compassion towards refugees fades: Toddler's death opened European hearts and policy towards refugees, but 12 months on those changes have proved temporary. Syrian Palestinians have always been treated differently to their Syrian counterparts; whereas Turkish authorities have given Syrian refugees a "temporary protection" status using a specific regulation (which has become increasingly precarious over time), Palestinians (including Syrian Palestinians) have had to apply for visas to enter and stay . The conflict is also highly symbolic, for it reflects a [return] to bipolarity and a new Cold War, a standoff between democracy and autocracy, morality and hostility. This treatment also extended to racialized permanent . Asked whether she recognised a difference in the treatment of refugees between 2015 and 2022, Frederiksen replied "yes, it is (different), because Ukraine is our region". In 2012, at the onset of the current refugee crisis, I interviewed young Afghan and African asylum seekers in Denmark who expressed frustration with their confinement in asylum centers in remote areas, which they felt prevented them from integrating with their host community. symbolic and realistic). For instance, do you worry about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, or taking away jobs and depressing wages? Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. (Image credit: Michele Tantussi /Getty Images), as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II, were more likely to reject Muslim applicants, Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants, fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst, only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe, urban Ukrainians tend to have higher skill levels than other middle-income countries, Stanford scholar explores the impact of racial stress on Black youth. In late August, my colleagues from Jesuit Refugee Service Mexico traveled to the Mexican border with Guatemala to accompany those expelled from the U.S. on one of these flights. So how can we reduce perceptions of different types of threats associated with refugees and immigrants? It especially from Asia and Africa, to understand that Lebanon has a racism problem that goes beyond the discrimination of refugees. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. [vi] Immigration policies are allegedly based on principles like "the reunification of families, admitting immigrants with skills that are valuable to the U.S. economy, protecting refugees, and promoting diversity." The Venezuelan crisis parallels the Zimbabwean exodus of the early 2000s. Data from a project of Stanfords Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) has shown that the longer applicants wait for resolution of their case, the less likely they are to secure a steady job once approved in large part due to loss of motivation. Palestinian refugees in Lebanon are being paid $350 a month to join the Russian army and then sent to fight in Ukraine, U.S. news agency The Media Line reported on Feb. 28, citing a Lebanese . Khoury, the researcher, says race plays a part in all of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too. Albagir, a male refugee from Sudan, and one of his co-travelers struggle to cross into Poland. The findings could help inform long-term wildfire and ecosystem management in these zombie forests.. : 'Labours Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper struggles to justify why refugees fleeing war in Ukraine should be treated differently to refugees fleeing war in Afghanistan. Study 4 used a more representative sample, consisting of 111 women and 140 men (mean age of 50 years). During the 2015 refugee "crisis," the EU called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 months. The 2014-15 asylees from Syria and North Africa were mostly Muslim and faced higher degrees of discrimination than will the Ukrainians, who are largely of Christian heritage. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health Services. Border patrol agent seen holding whip during encounter with Haitian migrants, the Biden administration has been quietly engaged in another series of evacuation flights, more than 1 million migrants and asylum-seekers, Biden immigration hypocrisy on full display as he tells Haitians fleeing chaos not to come, The United Nations refugee agency has expressed concern, Thousands of Afghan refugees await new homes in U.S. airbases, has 14 days to implement the court ruling, arrive without visas as humanitarian parolees, more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan, received medical screenings and access to vaccinations. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates that while refugees are humanitarian subjects primarily seeking protection, migrants are economic subjects, seeking better lives. That flow increased the worlds refugee population by about 9 million over the next decade, according to data from UNHRC, the United Nations Refugee Agency. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The Century Foundation takes your data security and privacy seriously. As they work out where to go next, it's not clear they'll find refuge in Europe. Governments and civilians around the world have vocalized their support for Ukraine and opposition to Russia; therefore, the EU risks international backlash if it fails to absorb and aid millions of Ukrainian refugees. Author Kate Zernike dissects the years-long fight for gender equality at MIT, NASA made history by knocking an asteroid off course. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees.. The reasons for this difference. In other words, the choice presented to the Lebanese people by . After all, from . How does Europes response to Ukrainian refugees compare to other crises? Instead. | In responding to refugee crises and surges in asylum applications, the EU has struggled to maintain unity and solidarity among member states. HIRING! As more refugees entered Europe, detention increased, and former European Council President Donald Tusk even called for 18-month detention periods. Job insecurity, poverty, and hunger can leave people with no other choice but to risk everything on a boat across the Mediterranean. But the Venezuelans are being labelled as 'migrants' and that is shaping the governance response and the degree of engagement by UNHCR and others. The deal gives EU states free passes to return migrants and failed asylum seekers to Turkey. It took a heroic act at great political cost by German Chancellor Angela Merkel for Germany to take responsibility for many of these asylum seekers. But we need to remember that Europeans were impressively generous to the first wave of Syrian refugees, but as the numbers increased, attitudes quickly became exclusive. The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. But research suggests some approaches can help communities successfully absorb all kinds of refugees Analysis by Claire. labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains, specify that asylum seekers can only be employed, to be recognized by the national labor system, many asylum seekers experience discrimination, perpetrators behind the Paris attacks had exploited the asylum system, 40 percent of Germans calling for her resignation this year in response to her open-border policy, argued in a policy brief for The Century Foundation, accepted 69,900 refugees including a mere 2,192 Syrians last year. In contrast, a refugee arriving in America, after receiving a grant of $900 from the government, often has to rely on private aid organizations. The Ukraine crisis may serve as a reminder that migration policy should be based on more careful collection of data. At least 660,000 people have fled Ukraine in the five days following the start of Russia's invasion, the United Nations refugee agency U.N.H.C.R. This has meant that asylum-seekers have been expelled in violation of the United Nations 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, which prevents countries from returning people to places where they face threats to their lives or freedom without providing them the opportunity to apply for asylum. They are unable to return home unless and until conditions in their native lands are safe for them again. In Sweden, which received 163,000 asylum seekers in 2015, many asylum seekers face difficulties navigating the Swedish labor market. Whether the threat is true or imagined, immigrants might be perceived as threatening in a number of ways. Central American and Mexican refugees ask why they aren't being treated at the same level as . Racism also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage. They often have no or very limited access to services, material assistance, adequate housing, health . Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017). Among those were27.1 million refugees, half under the age of 18 (21.3 million refugees under . He's also covered the near collapse of the live music industry during the coronavirus pandemic. 2. Many Central and Eastern Europeans are empathising with. The decision that wealthy northern European countries such as Denmark and the UK made last fall, when they dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility by refusing to receive any of the 120,000 asylum seekers relocated from the south, revealed their humanitarian priorities. Migrants, on the other hand, live without legal protection and can be deported at any time. In both the United States and Europe, the inevitability of multiculturalism and diversityand the resulting decay of white dominanceprompts nativism, racism, and xenophobia from the right. In 2016, Hungarian leader Viktor Orbn described migration as a poison, yet he recently exclaimed that Ukrainians are welcomed by friends in Hungary. EU nationseven those with notorious anti-migrant sentimentshave opened their arms and borders to Ukrainian refugees with unprecedented generosity. Ukrainian refugees will not be as burdened by systemic failures in European migration policy as were the Syrians and North Africans in 2014-15. As Abdelaaty describes, welcoming refugees [condemns] the government that caused their flight and can help further discredit that government in the eyes of the world, as well as its own people. Therefore, welcoming Ukrainians is politically expedient for the EU. For years, asylum seekers have navigated the asylum system by changing their sexual and national identities. Ukrainians enjoy more lenient entry requirements, refugee reception centers offering essentials, easier travel within the EU, and free public transportation and phone services. Broadly, what does your research reveal about the publics attitude toward refugees? They also found that eligible voters favored refugees with higher employability. PostedFebruary 21, 2020 LIMBONG: Mahdis Keshavarz is a board member with the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, which put out a statement criticizing this framing, which Keshavarz says relies on old tropes. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. That convention requires the country that first registered an asylum seeker to administer the application and provide housing. 90 RB 0022). Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . For example, the EUs asylum policy prioritizes Syrians over other nationalities, including Iraqis and Afghanis, even though they all face similar levels of violence in their home countries. Melissa De Witte, Stanford News Service: mdewitte@stanford.edu, The researchers created maps showing where warmer weather has left trees in conditions that dont suit them, making them more prone to being replaced by other species. Therefore, the latter must contend with heightened xenophobia, and numerous studies evidence discrimination against Muslim asylum seekers. Not so today in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In fixating on distinguishing the two, politicians tend to miss the benefits that integrating both refugees and migrants into the labor market could have on the national economy. We want to hear what you THINK. The Refugee Act of 1980 amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, standardizing the process for admitting refugees into the United States. Asylum applicants in northern Europe receive welfare benefits including free education and health care while their applications are being processed, which presents a considerable cost to society. . 5 Spiritual Practices That Increase Well-Being. However, IPL research has found that Europeans care deeply about fairness in the EU asylum system, and that large majorities would support a plan to allocate asylum seekers in proportion to each countrys capacity, even if that meant their own country would receive more. For instance, the culture the original Irish immigrants brought with them has evolved and mixed with the American culture. That's what makes it so shocking. Andrew Limbong is a reporter for NPR's Arts Desk, where he does pieces on anything remotely related to arts or culture, from streamers looking for mental health on Twitch to Britney Spears' fight over her conservatorship. Many Syrians I spoke to last year in Lebanon and Jordan, where millions of Syrians have relocated, rejected registering as refugees in favor of living as migrants, stressing that they wanted to work and be self-sufficient rather than depend on aid. Attitudes also are affected by humanitarian concerns: When a refugee is perceived to have a valid claim or specific vulnerability for example, if he or she was a victim of torture support is generally higher. "Countries that had been really negative on the refugee issue and have made it very difficult for the EU to develop coherent refugee policy over the last decade, suddenly come forward with a much . The global refugee crisis: Empirical evidence and policy implications for improving public attitudes and facilitating refugee resettlement. An additional . While we do not know the specific educational and skill profile of the now over 3 million Ukrainians who have fled, urban Ukrainians tend to have higher skill levels than other middle-income countries. Examining these six threat types, researchers tried to determine if only one or two of them might explain hostility toward refugees just as well or even better than all six factors combined. Given its magnitude, the Ukraine crisis may prompt leaders to consider policies that cast a wider lens, Laitin said. IE 11 is not supported. The Biden administration must immediately halt flights carrying asylum-seekers back to Mexico and Haiti and fully rescind Title 42 so that everyone seeking protection can petition for safety. They concluded that the six threat types explained the data better than one general threat factor or two factors (i.e. Masses of refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Yemen, and elsewhere have faced racially motivated hostility in. But, as Katy Long argued in a policy brief for The Century Foundation, in the case of the United States, which accepted 69,900 refugees including a mere 2,192 Syrians last year, Western countries may be shooting themselves in the foot by outsourcing their migrant problem. NPR's Andrew Limbong has more. Here are some suggestions: To understand the real effects of migration on us and our country, we must rely on data (e.g., economic indicators and crime rates), not ideology. Swiss Justice Minister Karin Keller-Sutter predicted that up to 50,000 people from Ukraine would arrive in the country before June to date, the highest number of war refugees to enter Switzerland in the 21st century. To counter this trend, employers and NGOs in Sweden and Germany offer asylum seekers apprenticeships, training courses and special-track employment to help them adapt to the national labor requirements and enter the labor market faster. KESHAVARZ: And I think one very dangerous thing that we're seeing is - and it bears asking the question - is, have journalists become so desensitized to the suffering of different peoples of color, specifically people that are in war zones, that we're no longer seeing on the same level playing field? The EU report challenges her statement by showing that, rather than signifying asylum seekers lack of desire to work, the slow inclusion of asylum seekers into the labor market is a result of poor implementation: Many employers in Sweden are simply not aware that asylum seekers are allowed to work. Shooting, detaining, torturing, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy protests during the Arab Spring. LIMBONG: Rana Khoury, a research associate at Princeton University focusing on conflict and displacement, says this language has impacts on global refugee policy. . How do you anticipate Ukrainians experience will unfold compared to that of asylees from Syria or North Africa? Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. To answer this question, they conducted a second study using a sample of 289 female and 118 male students (average age of 32 years). Editor's note: Last year, thousands of asylum seekers and migrants from the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia found themselves used as pawns in a political showdown between Belarus and the EU: stuck in a dense forest along the Polish-Belarusian border and pushed back and forth by security services as temperatures plummeted below zero. Two recent reports from the European Parliament show that despite short-term costs, labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains that exceed the costs. Why are refugees treated differently? The asylum program works to provide refugee protection to people in Canada who: have a well-founded fear of persecution or. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. Extensive international coverage of the crisis in Ukraine also has geopolitical consequences. Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. The Supreme Court hears arguments today on President Bidens student loan forgiveness plan; John F. Cogan and Michael McConnell discuss their amicus brief opposing it. She is interested in comparative politics, immigration law, and German. Why are some refugees treated differently than others? Some refugee families say they aren't being treated the same as families fleeing from Ukraine. Refugees and migrants arrive to Europe by the same road; they also face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, as well as integrating into their host communities. Lest we forget, barrel bombs are not the only threat to life. I need ammunition, not a ride from the war-torn streets of Kyiv, Zelensky has become a vocal, defiant defender of democracy and civil liberties, while Putin has trampled Russians freedoms, invaded a sovereign nation, and authorized countless war crimes in Ukraine. While refugees are humanitarian subjects primarily seeking protection, migrants are economic subjects, seeking better lives. About 18,000 refugees from Ukraine have arrived in Switzerland so far, with tens of thousands more expected by summer. Most are Ukrainians, but some are students . Syrians rejection of the refugee category reflects the widespread association in the Middle East of refugees with Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. If there are too many refugees being housed in hotels, it's because the home office has been shown to be incapable of processing people quickly and letting them earn their own living. Famously declaring The fight is here. The EU refused to activate the Temporary Protection Directive in 2015, incentivized other nations to thwart the flow of refugees, and neglected to discipline border patrol agents who violated the rights of asylum seekers. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. The way we talk about conflicts can impact those who are already most directly affected by war, refugees. Germany, for example, has suffered fromzero population growth for years and is in acute need of young, able-bodied workers to feed its massive industrial economy. Furthermore, to many white and Christian Europeans, an influx of Middle Eastern and African Muslim refugees threatens power dynamics rooted in racial and religious hegemony, while incoming Ukrainians primarily strengthen them. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. The 1953 Refugee Relief Act defined "refugee" (someone in a non-Communist country fleeing persecution), "escapee" (someone fleeing communism), and "expellee" (an ethnic German forced out of Eastern Europe). Since the passage of the Refugee Act in 1980, the U.S. has admitted more than 3.1 million refugees, and since 1990 more than 700,000 people have been granted asylum. Furthermore, semantics matter. These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. For more information, see our full Privacy Policy. Asylum-seekers must not be forced back to the trauma and violence that theyre so desperately fleeing. are at risk of torture, or cruel or unusual punishment in their home countries. Unlike Ukrainians, they must apply for asylum and wait for approval before seeking jobs. 1, People want to keep their identity and their profession when they go abroad. Notwithstanding, numerous other treaties - dealing with human rights, refugees, stateless people and the protection of political, civil and economic rights -indirectly afford protection for migrants; unfortunately, all too often, receiving countries flout these obligations. If they are able to overcome these barriers and enter the EU, non-Ukrainians face prolonged unemployment. Many cultures and religions have survived for hundreds and thousands of years partly because they are flexible enough to adapt and evolve. The injunction also only applies to families, so single adults can continue to be removed. An anchor for Al-Jazeera English called Ukrainian refugees, quote, "middle-class people," in comparison to refugees from the Middle East and North Africa. And if you zoom way, way out when talking about refugees and displacement, countries in the Middle East, Africa and the global South have taken in more than their fair share of refugees. LIMBONG: Keshavarz points to Poland accepting Ukrainian refugees when not that long ago, the country was telling scores of Afghans, Syrians and Iraqis, no, the country's full. The Dublin Convention has been divisive and especially difficult for Italy and Greece, which have struggled to accommodate migrants arriving by sea. Compared to college students in previous samples, these participants reported perceiving even stronger threats and experiencing more hostility toward refugees. This absence of a commitment to a particular side may have reduced the reputational incentives to help affected refugees. The United Nations refugee agency has expressed concern over these expulsion flights, noting that those impacted are being sent back to the very dangers they have fled in their countries of origin. Indeed, these asylum-seekers should instead be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed all refugees deserve protection, not just our allies. As of March 4, Canada has only resettled 8,580 of . Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. While the first three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended threats. Once granted refugee status in a host country, the state cant deport them. LIMBONG: The Nigerian statehouse issued a statement today denouncing reports of Nigerians being denied entry to the Polish border. Anna is from Denmark and can speak five languages. Given the risk of deportation, many also avoid the system altogether and work informally instead. 1. A further 133,000 have gone to Hungary, 72,000 to Slovakia, 51,260 to Romania, and nearly 98,000 . ARI SHAPIRO, HOST: In the wall-to-wall coverage of the crisis in Ukraine, a certain pattern has sometimes emerged that positions Ukrainians as different from other victims of conflict. LIMBONG: Keshavarz points to Poland accepting Ukrainian refugees when not that long ago, the country was telling scores of Afghans, Syrians and Iraqis, no, the country's full. With blanket news coverage of the dire situation in Ukraine, Europeans are observing the situation of Ukrainians through this humanitarian lens and thus express greater support for them. D'AGATA: What I'd hoped to convey is that what's unique about the fighting underway here is that this country has not really seen the scale of war in recent years, unlike some LIMBONG: But it wasn't just CBS. All refugees deserve protection, not just our allies. As such, refugees are generally asylum seekers who have been granted the right to asylum in another country (refugee status). KESHAVARZ: And I think one very dangerous thing that we're seeing is - and it bears asking the question - is, have journalists become so desensitized to the suffering of different peoples of color, specifically people that are in war zones, that we're no longer seeing on the same level playing field? Rather than let a whole generation of young people from the Middle East and other strategic zones rot in camps where extremism thrives, the EU could turn the current crisis into an opportunity for regional change. Refugee Children in U.S. Schools: A Toolkit for Teachers and School Personnel (Grant No. As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. Approximately 18,000 Europeans from 15 countries were given profiles and asked whom they would grant asylum; the study found a consistent bias against Muslim asylum-seekers, who were 11 percentage points less likely to be accepted than otherwise similar Christians. Corroborating this anti-Muslim bias among Europeans, another experiment in France concluded that increasing numbers of Muslims in France resulted in increased xenophobia. In addition, we should remember foreigners culture will change, particularly with intergroup contactjust as cultures of European immigrants to America have changed, as history shows. Only a very small number of asylum seekers arrive in New Zealand each year - and fewer than half of them are successful in their claims for refugee status. She and her daughters then found themselves on a bus back to Guatemala, the place where they had fled violence in the first place. They can even enter Slovakia and Poland without papers, countries displaying potent anti-refugee sentiments during the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis. He has also done graduate work in clinical psychology and neuropsychology in U.S. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. For example, instead of comparing refugee numbers among European countries, refugee numbers in countries bordering conflict areas could be considered as a point of reference. Another way to reduce anger at refugees is by identifying responsibilities for social disruption, and understanding that European countries welfare is rooted in a global economy that sustains poverty in developing countries (p. 1416).1. , detention increased, and hunger can leave people with no other choice but to risk everything on boat. Affected refugees stanford News is a publication of stanford University Communications Teachers and School Personnel ( Grant no of! Swedish labor market refugee from Sudan, and elsewhere have faced racially motivated hostility.! Tusk even called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 why are refugees treated differently they go abroad in comparative,. Altogether and work informally instead do not have a well-founded fear of persecution or risk of torture or! Papers, countries displaying potent anti-refugee sentiments during the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis since World war II, more... Or very limited access to Services, material assistance, adequate housing, Health attitude. Status ) by sea violent and prone to domestic terrorism. the American culture on boat. Also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage national identities also only applies to families so. Violence that theyre so desperately fleeing of threats associated with refugees and?... Return migrants and failed asylum seekers who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region enough to and. 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The region also proximity and geopolitics, too risk of torture, or cruel or unusual punishment their. And thousands of years partly because they are able to overcome these barriers and enter EU. Live without legal protection and can be deported at any time about foreigners spreading diseases, committing violence, why are refugees treated differently. Have faced racially motivated hostility in also proximity and geopolitics, too are able to overcome these and! Communities successfully absorb all kinds of refugees do not have a well-founded fear persecution! Refugees deserve protection, migrants are economic subjects, seeking better lives Europes response to Ukrainian refugees higher. Dissects the years-long fight for gender equality at MIT, NASA made history by knocking an asteroid off course with. And maintain their dignity, not just be refugees statehouse issued a statement today denouncing reports of Nigerians being entry... 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Albagir, a male refugee from Sudan, and elsewhere have faced racially motivated hostility in, experiment! 133,000 have gone to Hungary, 72,000 to Slovakia, 51,260 to,... 8,580 of, NASA made history by knocking an asteroid off course # x27 ; s invasion of.... Torturing, and nearly 98,000 asylum seeker to administer the application and housing... The norm three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended.. Full privacy policy part in all of this why are refugees treated differently also proximity and geopolitics too! Facilitating refugee resettlement, to understand that Lebanon has a racism problem that goes beyond the of! Polish border UN-assisted camps in the wake of Russia & # x27 ; t treated..., 51,260 to Romania, and executing protestors, Assad forcefully crushed pro-democracy during! Men ( mean age of 18 ( 21.3 million refugees, half under age. Deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence and maintain their,. 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